Materials. According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM), the Holocaust was "the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jewish men, women and children by the Nazi regime and its collaborators". The second most numerous group, from 70 to 75 thousand, was the Poles, and the third most numerous, about 20 thousand, the Gypsies. Jewish populations were systematically deported from the ghettos and the occupied territories to the seven camps designated as Vernichtungslager (extermination camps): In 1978, Sebastian Haffner wrote that in December 1941, Hitler began to accept the failure of his primary goalto dominate Europe, after his declaration of war against the United States, and his withdrawalwas compensated for by his secondary goal: the extermination of the Jews. In a mere three months, at least 1.32 million Jewish people died close to one-quarter of all the Jewish victims who perished during World War II, a new study finds. Historian Detlef Garbe, director of the Neuengamme Memorial in Hamburg, wrote about Jehovah's Witnesses: "No other religious movement resisted the pressure to conform to National Socialism [Nazism] with comparable unanimity and steadfastness". Altogether some 1700 Polish priests ended up at Dachau: half of them did not survive their imprisonment. During the occupation, the Leningrad, Pskov and Novgorod regions lost about a quarter of their populations. The Columbia guide to the Holocaust By Donald L. Niewyk. 140,000-500,000 Soviet citizens and POWs were murdered in the concentration camps. Violence towards these groups grew as further rules were enforced upon them, before the Night of the Broken Glass - Kristallnacht - saw attacks take place over an evening in November 1938. Main telephone: 202.488.0400 Two masters cannot exist side by side, and this is why all members of the Polish intelligentsia must be killed. TTY: 202.488.0406, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution, The Nazi Persecution of Black People in Germany, The Nazi Olympics Berlin 1936: African American Voices and "Jim Crow" America. Non-Jewish women were vulnerable as well. During a Nazi-provoked riot known as Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) on November 9, 1938, at least 267 synagogues were destroyed. Some Germans and Austrians who lived abroad for much of their lives were considered to have too much exposure to foreign ideas, and they were sent to concentration camps. [114][115] The "KLB Club" was a group of 168 Allied airmen mainly American, British, and Canadian considered Terrorfliegers ("terror fliers"), denied POW status, and held at Buchenwald for two months until a German officer arranged their transfer to a standard POW camp, a week before their scheduled execution. Concentration and extermination camps were commonplace under the Nazi regime, with Auschwitz among the largest and most iconic. We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. Charlotte Salomon 1917-1943, Nazi German Death Camp Konzentrationslager Auschwitz. The event poses deep questions about the nature of God, evil and reasons for suffering. Among them, about 200 thousand people were selected . [34] The six million Jewish, Roman Catholic and Orthodox Poles represented nearly 17 percent of the country's population. The game is still in early access, and an educational mode will be available at full launch for use in classrooms. [36] The anti-Polish campaign culminated in the near-complete destruction of Warsaw, ordered by Hitler and Himmler in 1944. [95] One Catholic abducted in this manner was nun Edith Stein, who was murdered at Auschwitz along with Poland's Maximilian Kolbe. In the Czech lands, religious orders were suppressed, schools closed, religious instruction forbidden and priests sent to concentration camps. Reviewed works: Vom Generalplan Ost zum Generalsiedlungsplan by Czeslaw Madajczyk. See our full guidelines for more information, and this guide for detail about canonical URLs. One out of five said they werent sure. The Nazi Party viewed the Jewish religion as irrelevant, persecuting Jews in accordance with antisemitic stereotypes of an alleged biologically determined heritage. What they did have in common was that all of them had at least one Jewish grandparent, which was how the Nazis defined who was Jewish. (Bundesarchiv/Wikimedia Commons) Jewish women and children arriving at Auschwitz in 1944. As reported in the New York Times, Hitler's forces wished to de-Christianize Germany after "the final victory" and destroy Christianity. In 1940, the Priest Barracks of Dachau Concentration Camp was established. 2023 GAMESPOT, A FANDOM COMPANY. It was a taste of things to come. [15], The Nazis promoted xenophobia and racism against all "non-Aryan" races. [30] Jews outside Europe under Axis occupation were also affected by the Holocaust in Italian Libya, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Iraq, Japan, and China. 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW TheNuremberg trialswent ahead to prosecute prominent members of the political, military and economic leadership ofNazi Germany who had been behind the shocking persecution. The European Jewish population was reduced from 9,740,000 to 3,642,000; the world's Jewish population was reduced by one-third, from roughly 16.6 million in 1939 to about 11 million in 1946. "Jews Killed During the Holocaust by Country." [35] Poles were one of Hitler's first extermination targets, as he outlined in a 22 August 1939 speech to Wehrmacht commanders before the invasion. 856, Richard J. Evans; The Third Reich at War; Penguin Press New York; 2009; pp. "Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution." Sebald . Twenty-nine per cent of Dutch people believed that two million or fewer Jews were killed, a number that rises to 37 per cent of millennials and Generation Z. . Adam Kovac is a staff reporter at the Forward, covering breaking news. The word 'Holocaust' comes from two. Nordhausen. Jews Killed During the Holocaust by Country. Some 63% correctly answer the question "What were Nazi-created ghettos?" with the response "Parts of town where Jews were forced to live," while another 37% said that ghettos were either places. Pages 128-9. Some were assimilated and some were Orthodox. New York Gov. Christopher R. Browning (b. (Some 100,000 to 150,000 Ukrainian and other Soviet citizens were also killed in the following weeks). The Nazis forced Jews out of their homes, crowded them into ghettos, and then deported them to either a concentration or a death camp. [38][39] More Ukrainians were killed fighting the Wehrmacht in the Red Army than American, British and French soldiers combined. Many also perished in nearby slave labour camps, where conditions were even worse. After their 1939 invasion of Poland, the Nazis instituted a policy of murdering (or suppressing) the ethnic-Polish elite (including Catholic religious leaders). [90][91][92] In March 1937, Pope Pius XI issued his Mit brennender Sorge encyclical accusing the Nazi government of violating the 1933 concordat and sowing the "tares of suspicion, discord, hatred, calumny, of secret and open fundamental hostility to Christ and His Church".[85]. The coincidence enabled Freemasons to wear the forget-me-not badge as a secret sign of Masonic membership. In 1943, the Germans had established a weather station in what is now Canada's Newfoundland and Labrador province. Rumors of communist violence were spread by the Nazis to justify the Enabling Act of 1933, which gave Hitler his first dictatorial powers. Der "Generalplan Ost." You must credit the Forward, retain our pixel and preserve our canonical link in Google search. The Nazis kept detailed records of the people who passed through the camps; nevertheless, we do not know how many Jews may still have been unaccounted for in the many places where they were murdered. ", "The Treatment of Soviet POWs: Starvation, Disease, and Shootings, June 1941 January 1942", "True Romanies and the Holocaust: A Re-evaluation and an overview", "Persecution of Homosexuals in the Third Reich", "Poignant Documentary Recalls Nazis' Gay Victims", "Homocaust: Remembering the gay victims of the Holocaust", "Ein Konzentrationslager fr politische Gefangene In der Nhe von Dachau", "The Response of the German Catholic Church to National Socialism", "Word for Word/The Case Against the Nazis; How Hitler's Forces Planned To Destroy German Christianity", Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany, Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs, "World War II Documents showing the persecution of Freemasonry", "Das Vergimeinnicht-Abzeichen und die Freimaurerei, Die wahre Geschichte", "The Blue Forget-Me-Not: Another Side Of The Story", "Holocaust Timeline: Nazis Open Dachau Concentration Camp", "Acevedo: WW II vet held in Nazi slave camp breaks silence", "Romanies and the Holocaust: A Reevaluation and Overview", Non-Jewish Victims of Persecution in Nazi Germany, The Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names, "Nazi Crimes in the USSR (Graphic images! Many other minority groups also died during this period including up to 250,000 disabled people, around 220,000 Romani and hundreds of homosexuals. Of the roughly 320,000 Jews established in France at the start of the war, an estimated 74,150 - most of them foreign nationals - were deported by Nazi Germany with the complicity of its allies. Documentary sources", " Weekly - . The totals for all countries show that nearly two-thirds of all Jews in Europe were killed during the Holocaust. New York: Penguin. What Is Totalitarianism? Rosenberg, Jennifer. Robert Gellately. The Holocaust in Ukraine represents the first phase of the Holocaust in which an estimated 1.5 million Jews were shot to death at close range in ravines, open fields, and forests. Another 2% believed fewer than 1 million lost their lives while 11% said more than 12 million died. Hitler referred to Marxism and "Bolshevism" as means for "the international Jew" to undermine "racial purity", stir up class tension and mobilize trade unions against the government and business. Captured by the Gestapo in 1943, Sendlerowa was crippled by torture. Belzec. Kathy Hochul signed a legislative package last summer mandating Holocaust education in schools statewide. The political People's Court was notorious for the number of its death sentences. A range of methods were used, with many. Disease and exhaustion also ravaged camps, while death marches were also commonplace. The project examines the horrifying, world-changing truth of the Holocaust and the Nazis. Of the . . The atrocity largely took place between 1941 and 1945, but the initial persecution started in 1933. A book was later found that hinted at plans from Hitler to extend the atrocity into North America. The Catholic Church was persecuted under the Third Reich,[76] with the Nazi leadership hoping to gradually de-Christianize Germany. Gabe Gurwin The way people were murdered during the Holocaust was as horrific as the numbers involved. Dances with Wolves actor pleads not guilty in 'sex cult' case, TikTok star, 28, is charged with child abuse after 'attack on boyfriend', Rape survivor slams Gabby Petito Utah cop over handling of her case, 'Dark details' about boyfriend of US swim champ who mysteriously died, 2020 THE SUN, US, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED | TERMS OF USE | PRIVACY | YOUR AD CHOICES | SITEMAP, Soldiers stand in front of the gate of Dachau Concentration Camp, in Dachau, Germany, Auschwitz, one of Nazi Germany's most notorious concentration and extermination camps, General-SS Jurgen Stroop questions Jews during the razing of the Warsaw ghetto, 1939, Jews in France being arrested and taken to the Drancy camps, Pithiviers or Beaune-la-Rolande, before being deported to Auschwitz, The rare 1944 book previously owned by Adolf Hitler, Holocaust survivor Leslie Kleinman BEM who lost his entire family in Auschwitz, tells his astonishing story of survival to The Sun. [50] Hitler's genocidal campaign against Europe's Romani population involved the application of Nazi "racial hygiene" (selective breeding applied to humans). According to Norman Davies, the Nazi terror was "much fiercer and more protracted in Poland than anywhere in Europe. German political prisoners were a substantial proportion of the first inmates at Dachau (the prototypical Nazi concentration camp). It is believed that around 5.9 million Jews were killed or died during the Holocaust, making up around a two-thirds of all of those in Europe. In addition, 11 million members of other groups were murdered during the "era of the Holocaust".[1]. This was sometimes cold and deliberate murder of individuals (as with Jews), sometimes generalised brutality and neglect German soldiers' letters and memoirs reveal their terrible reasoning: Slavs were 'the Asiatic-Bolshevik' horde, an inferior but threatening race. Hundreds of thousands of Roman Catholic and Orthodox Poles were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau and other concentration camps, and the intelligentsia were the first targets of the Einsatzgruppen death squads. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Email news@gamespot.com. Rosenberg, Jennifer. Put another way, the Holocaust was not only the murder of the Jews who were living then, it also prevented Jewish marriages and births from happening in the future. "The "Final Solution": Estimated Number of Jews Killed", "Jewish losses during the Holocaust: By country", "Victims of the Nazi Era: Nazi Racial Ideology", "The Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names", Stalinism and Nazism: dictatorships in comparison, "Polish Resistance and Conclusions United States Holocaust Memorial Museum", "Generalplan Ost (General Plan East). They have the right to be proud of their past, just as we have the right to be proud of the civilisation to which we belong. He is known as "the poet of the Holocaust.". but they openly deny the Holocaust to ridicule Israel and the Jewish people . The rescue allowed the vast majority of Denmark's Jewish population to avoid capture by the Nazis. . edition, Holmes & Meier, September 1, 1985. Of the Americans over the age of 18 who were polled, only 53% knew that 6 million Jews died in the Shoah. [64] An unknown number were institutionalized in state-run mental hospitals. There were early warning signs of this atrocity, when constitutions like the Nuremberg Laws were passed shortly after Adolf Hitler rose to power in Germany in 1933. We also dont know the precise number of Jews in any of these areas. International Holocaust Remembrance Day is Jan. 27, marking the anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz in 1945. Though Hitler's racial policies toward Jews, Sinti, and Roma, have been well documented, researchers have given less attention to actions against Black people. [12] Masonic concentration camp inmates, considered political prisoners, wore an inverted red triangle. The Nazis believed that gay men were weak, effeminate and unable to fight for the German nation; homosexuals were unlikely to produce children and increase the German birthrate. GameSpot may get a share of the revenue if you buy anything featured on our site. [47] In 1995, the Russian Academy of Sciences reported that civilian deaths in the occupied USSR, including Jews, at the hands of the Germans totaled 13.7 million dead (20 percent of the population of 68 million). who exiled half of the Jewish people. According to historian William Shirer, "under the leadership of Rosenberg, Bormann and Himmlerbacked by Hitlerthe Nazi regime intended to destroy Christianity in Germany, if it could, and substitute the old paganism of the early tribal Germanic gods and the new paganism of the Nazi extremists". Co, 1990. Non-Aryan ministers were suspended and church members called themselves German Christians, with "the swastika on their chest and the cross in their heart. At least 91 people were murdered. The Germans called this "the final solution to the Jewish question." Collections. In the largest of these, the Warsaw Ghetto, thousands of Jews died due. Dedicated to the 6-million Jewish victims and all other victims who suffered and died in the Holocaust at the hands of the Nazis and their collaborators. Yad Vashem. Holocaust Memorial Museum's website, "Nazi Germany did not seek to kill all homosexuals. (Kluger Zoltan/Israel Government Press Office) Despite discriminatory measures, some Romani (including some of Germany's Sinti and Lalleri) were spared deportation and death, with the remaining Romani groups suffering a fate similar to that of the Jews. About six million Jews and some five million others, targeted for racial, political, ideological and behavioral reasons, died in the Holocaustmore than one million of those who perished were. Our schools are failing. https://www.thoughtco.com/number-of-jews-killed-during-holocaust-by-country-4081781 (accessed March 1, 2023). [57] [86] Of 2,720 clergy imprisoned at Dachau, the overwhelming majority (94.88 percent) were Catholic. [112] The badge is worn on the lapels of Masons worldwide in remembrance of those who have suffered in the name of Freemasonry, particularly during the Nazi era.[112]. Definition and History, The Wannsee Conference and the Final Solution, Reinhard Heydrich, Nazi Who Planned Murder of Millions, A Map of Concentration and Death Camps in WWII, European Roma ("Gypsies") in the Holocaust, Biography of Anne Frank, Writer of Powerful Wartime Diary, Zyklon B, a Poison Used During the Holocaust, Industry and Agriculture History in Europe, B.A., History, University of California at Davis. According to British historian Ian Kershaw, the Nazis' genocide and brutality was their way of ensuring Lebensraum ("living space") for those who met Hitler's narrow racial requirements; this necessitated the elimination of Bolsheviks and Slavs: The Nazi revolution was broader than just the Holocaust. Estimates of the Romani death toll in World War II range from 220,000 to 1,500,000. Edelheit, Abraham. Most died of starvation, disease, overwork, shooting, or gas. Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, March 27, 2019, Washington, DC. The Nazi genocide of the Romani people was ignored by scholars until the 1980s, and opinions continue to differ on its details. Thousands of Jewish shops and synagogues were attacked and destroyed, while it ramped up additional rules as they were barred from most occupations. Gutman, Israel (editor). In Poland home of Europe's largest Jewish community before the war the Nazis murdered 3.3million Jews, or 90percent of its Jewish population. Despite widely varying treatment (some groups were actively targeted for genocide while others were not), some died in concentration camps such as Dachau and others from various forms of Nazi brutality. The finding is based on an . "History of the Holocaust: A Handbook and Dictionary." . Many were Roma, LGBTQ and other " undesirables". . Estimates of the total number of people who died in the Holocaust now range between 15 and 20 million. Some victims belonged to several categories targeted for extermination, e.g. The best estimates for Jewish losses country by country are offered below. Holocaust Survivors and Victims Resource Center. WASHINGTON (JTA) "Five million non-Jews died in the Holocaust." It's a statement that shows up regularly in declarations about the Nazi era. Holocaust awareness today is shockingly limited, with a 2020 survey indicating that fewer than half of respondents knew how many Jews were murdered. John S. Conway; The Nazi Persecution of the Churches, 19331945; Regent College Publishing; 2001; Evans, Richard J. Copyright 2023 The Forward Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Despite this, calculating the exact numbers of individuals who were killed as the result of Nazi policies is an impossible task. The invasion of Poland in 1939 began the devastation that has since come to be known, with more than 42,000 camps and detention sites being set up. Any interference in the integrity of the images including cropping or graphic processing is prohibited. Until the end of its existence, the Auschwitz camp was above all a place of extermination. While the Holocaust concerned the persecution of German Jews by the Nazi regime from 1933, this group only account for about 5% of the victims, with most being in eastern Europe, he said. Greece, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Lithuania, Bohemia, the Netherlands, Slovakia and Latvia lost over 70 percent of their Jewish populations; in Belgium, Romania, Luxembourg, Norway, and Estonia, the figure was about 50 percent. Developer Luc Bernard is attempting to change that with The Light in the Darkness, a free game focused on a Jewish family that, like so many others, were persecuted by the Nazis for no other reason than their ethnicity. A unique tribute to his decades of research is now on display in the Trible Library. In 1933 there were well over 500,000 Jews in Germany but by October 1941, when Jewish emigration was officially forbidden, the number of Jews in Germany had declined to a number as low as 163,000 . After death, their bodieswere either dumped into a mass grave or cremated. The same is true about estimates per country. "[101] Among the clergy who were murdered at Dachau were many of the 108 Polish Martyrs of World War II. [88] Although the Holy See concluded a 1933 concordat with Germany to protect Catholicism in the Third Reich, the Nazis frequently violated the pact in their Kirchenkampf ("struggle with the churches"). It is estimated that 500,000 Jews died in the ghettos of disease and starvation. [19][20][21][22], Taking into account all of the victims of persecution, the Nazis systematically murdered an estimated six million Jews and an additional 11 million people during the war. Key Facts 1 Some captured in the Battle of the Bulge were forced into slave labor at the Berga concentration camp, a subcamp of Buchenwald; over 70 died. Any group which did not match the behaviour of the prescribed norms was targeted and subjected, often to torture and death. Around 3,500 were murdered in the camp. A . For specified groups like the Jews, genocide was the Nazis' primary goal. The Dr. Richard Freund Exhibition showcases the treasures he found, the method he used to . The genocide sent shockwaves across the globe with many memorials and movies dedicated to the horrific events. [100] According to Richard J. Evans, in the Reichsgau Wartheland "numerous clergy, monks, diocesan administrators and officials of the Church were arrested, deported to the General Government, taken off to a concentration camp in the Reich, or simply shot. The losses occurred within the 19461991 borders of the USSR, and include territories annexed in 193940. In 1941, Jews were massacred, and by December, Hitler had decided to exterminate all Jews living in Europe at that time. Defining Jews as the chief enemy, Nazi racial ideology was also used to persecute other minorities. an assimilated Jew who was a member of a communist party or someone of Jewish ancestry who identified as a Jehovah's Witness. It is believed that around 5.9 million Jews were killed or died during the Holocaust, making up around a two-thirds of all of those in Europe. There's so many people who died in the Holocaust in my family, and I am the chairman of the Babi Yar Memorial. Total estimates used today are based on postwar studies and research of the existing data. All figures are estimates and subject to change with the discovery of new documentation. Because of the vast numbers of Jews murdered, no one is absolutely sure how many died in each camp, but there are good estimates of deaths by the camp. Before the Nazi takeover of power in 1933, Europe had a vibrant and mature Jewish culture. [94] When Archbishop Johannes de Jong refused to yield to Nazi threats, the Gestapo rounded up Catholic "Jews" and sent 92 to Auschwitz. Experts believe it was part of Hitler's personal collection, as it is branded with the words, "ex libris Adolf Hitler". These laws were aimed at excluding Jews and other minority groups from society, including segregation. that fewer than 50% of American adults knew how many Jews had died in the Holocaust or that Hitler had come to power democratically. where more than 1 million people were killed. Jewish children in the Lodz ghetto in 1940. The Romani people, ethnic Poles, Soviet citizens, Soviet prisoners of war, political opponents, homosexuals and Jehovah's Witnesses were also killed. The Germans killed an estimated 2.8 million Soviet POWs by starvation, exposure, and execution over an eight-month period in 194142. "Encyclopedia of the Holocaust." [29] Denmark evacuated nearly all of its Jews to nearby neutral Sweden; the Danish resistance movement, with the assistance of many Danish citizens, evacuated 7,220 of the country's 7,800 Jews by sea to Sweden,[30] in vessels ranging from fishing boats to private yachts. In addition, as the Allies began to close in on Germany, the Nazis began to destroy their records. Springer, 2008. Crucially, you won't have any control over how the game's main characters--a Jewish family in Nazi-controlled Vichy France--end up. On rare occasions, POWs from Western Allied armies were sent to concentration camps, including 350 Americans some chosen for being Jewish, but mostly for looking Jewish or for being troublemakers or otherwise 'undesirable'. Freund, who was the first to hold the Bertram and Gladys Aaron Endowed Professorship in Jewish Studies at Christopher Newport University, died in July at the age of 67. "[80][81] Political Catholicism was a target of Hitler's 1934 Night of the Long Knives. There were an additional 5 million other people also killed. The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics, 19271945: crossing boundaries. 40% Of Germans Think Jews Talk About The Holocaust Too Much, CNN Poll In Europe Shows How Little People Know About The Holocaust, An illustrated edition of an anonymous Yiddish poem about the Purim story. That same year, a Pew Research Center poll similarly found that fewer than 50% of American adults knew how many Jews had died in the Holocaust or that Hitler had come to power democratically. ThoughtCo. The 137-page book by Nazi researcher Heinz Kloss provides details on the Jewish population in large US cities including New York and Montreal. The two institutions also divided the occupied areas slightly differently. Rachel Avraham with Rabbi Shmuel Simantov at the rally in front of the UN headquarters in Vienna, Austria, Feb. 26, 2023. When attempting to document numbers of victims of the Holocaust, the single most important thing to keep in mind is that no one master list of those who perished exists anywhere in the world. The holocaust memorial to the murdered Jews of Europe is a simple but moving site to reflect on the horrors the National Socialist's inflicted on an entire religious community ove He can be reached at [emailprotected]or on Twitter as @AdamJKovac. To republish, copy the HTML by clicking on the yellow button to the right; it includes our tracking pixel, all paragraph styles and hyperlinks, the author byline and credit to the Forward. The Nazi evolution in German foreign policy. [61], Homosexual men were also targets of the Holocaust, since male homosexuality was deemed incompatible with Nazism. 1st Edition, Kindle Edition, Routledge, October 9, 2018. Explore a timeline of events that occurred before, during, and after the Holocaust. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Intelligentsia, socially prominent, and influential people were primarily targeted, although ethnic Poles and other Slavic groups were also killed en masse. The products discussed here were independently chosen by our editors. Austria, Feb. 26, 2023 murdered at Dachau ( the prototypical Nazi concentration camp ) people died! Numbers of individuals who were murdered during the Holocaust `` Nazi Germany did not to... The ghettos of disease and starvation opinions how many jewish people died in the holocaust to differ on its details with a 2020 indicating! [ 101 ] among the clergy who were murdered during the Holocaust was as horrific the. Members of other groups were murdered in the Czech lands, religious orders were,... 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And Montreal behaviour of the Holocaust was as horrific as the numbers involved influential people were primarily targeted although... Power in 1933, Europe had a vibrant and mature Jewish culture, Hitler had to!